“Simple” chess puzzle holds key to $1m prize

There has been some confusion about the $1m prize offered by the Clay Mathematics Institute in America. Professor Ian Gent has written some comments about this point which were quoted by the Clay Maths Institute in a news item about the work, and which might clarify matters: read them online.

Researchers at the University of St Andrews have thrown down the gauntlet to computer programmers to find a solution to a “simple” chess puzzle which could, in fact, take thousands of years to solve and net a $1m prize. 

Computer Scientist Professor Ian Gent, and his colleagues at the University of St Andrews, believe any programme capable of solving the famous ‘Queens Puzzle’ efficiently would be so powerful it would be capable of solving tasks currently considered impossible, such as decrypting the toughest security on the internet.

In a paper published in the Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research today, the team conclude the rewards to be reaped by such a programme would be immense, not least in financial terms with firms rushing to use it to offer technological solutions, and a $1m prize offered by the Clay Mathematics Institute in America.

Devised in 1850, the Queens Puzzle originally challenged a player to place eight queens on a standard chessboard so that no two queens could attack each other. This means putting one queen in each row, so that no two queens are in the same column, and no two queens in the same diagonal. Although the problem has been solved by human beings, once the chess board increases to a large size no computer programme can solve it.

Professor Gent and his colleagues, Senior Research Fellow Dr Peter Nightingale and Reader Dr Christopher Jefferson, of the School of Computer Science at the University, first became intrigued by the puzzle after a friend challenged Professor Gent to solve it on Facebook.

The team found that once the chess board reached 1000 squares by 1000, computer progammes could no longer cope with the vast number of options and sunk into a potentially eternal struggle akin to the fictional “super computer” Deep Thought in Douglas Adams’ Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, which took seven and a half million years to provide an answer to the meaning of everything.

Professsor Gent said: “If you could write a computer programme that could solve the problem really fast, you could adapt it to solve many of the most important problems that affect us all daily.

“This includes trivial challenges like working out the largest group of your Facebook friends who don’t know each other, or very important ones like cracking the codes that keep all our online transactions safe.”

The reason these problems are so difficult for computer programmes is that there are so many options to consider it can take many years. This is due to a process of “backtracking” – an algorithm used in programming where every possible option is considered and then “backed away” from until the correct solution is found.

Dr Nightingale said: “However, this is all theoretical. In practice, nobody has ever come close to writing a programme that can solve the problem quickly. So what our research has shown is that – for all practical purposes – it can’t be done.”

Chess has long provided the source for puzzles such as the traditional fable of the servant who, when asked to choose a reward by his king, asked for one grain of rice to be placed on the first square of a standard 8×8 chessboard, doubled in the next and so on until it was found there was not enough rice in the entire world.

The fable indicates the huge numbers involved when using just a standard sized chessboard. When the board size increases the numbers become vast.

Image caption

Professor Ian Gent (left) and Dr Peter Nightingale attempt the puzzle with the giant chess set at Falkland Palace in Fife.

NOTES TO NEWS EDITORS/INTERVIEW REQUESTS

The paper ‘Complexity of n-Queens Completion‘ by Ian P Gent, Christopher Jefferson and Peter Nightingale is published in the 31 August 2017 issue of Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research and is available online. DOI: doi:10.1613/jair.5512

An article on the subject by Ian Gent, entitled ‘Why the world’s toughest maths problems are much harder than a chess puzzle, and well worth US$1m‘, is published on The Conversation.

Visit the Clay Institute website for more information on the US$1m prize. 

Issued by the University of St Andrews Communications Office. Contact Fiona MacLeod on 01334 462108/07714 140 559 or [email protected].